Fracking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Fracking - Essay Example In this professional paper discusses business ethics of fracking, in order to analyze and evaluate the conduct of drilling companies in their quest to harness cheap energy from the earths interior. And their impact on the environment and mankind. Business ethics applies to all forms of business conduct and is related to the conduct of individuals and the entire organization. They have both normative and descriptive dimensions. It should be noted that the field is primarily normative as a corporate practice and career specialization. Academicians’ determination to understand business behavior employ descriptive methods. Interaction of profit-maximizing behavior with non-economic concerns reflects the range and quantity of business ethical issues. Governments use laws and regulations to control business behaviors in what the government perceives to be beneficial directions (Denver, 2013). Ethics specifically regulates details and areas of behavior that are beyond government control. The sprouting of extensive corporations with inadequate relationships and sensitivity to the communities they work from propagated the development of formal ethical regimes. Ethical norms reflect norms of historical periods; norms evolve as time passes resulting in accepted behaviors becoming objectionable. Firms started pointing out their ethical issues as early as 1980s by trying to distance themselves from business scandals like savings and loan crisis. Business ethics ideas caught the attention of media, academics, and business firms by the end of the cold war. Concisely, one of the aims of business ethics is to determine the fundamental purposes of the company, for instance, the company may have to sacrifice the profits to other concerns if a company’s purpose is to maximize shareholder returns. Ethical issues composed of duties and rights between the company and its stakeholders including suppliers, customers, employees and

Macro9C Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro9C - Essay Example Further, economists use different level for recognizing money (like M0, M1 etc.). And economists define a money multiplier to see the ratio of money supply and the actual monetary base in the economy. Now, the recent financial crisis has affected some parts of the definition of money especially as a store of value. The financial upturn has shown that most assets and asset classes previously believed to be the â€Å"safe† stores of value for money are in fact all driven by risk and can at some point in time not be â€Å"so safe†. For example, houses are one the largest stores of value but the global deterioration of property prices has made this option less valuable. Similarly, government bonds which were considered as the safest bets for store of value were actually no longer safe either as we see the example of Greece and their impending default of payment and/or restructuring of debt in Greece. Bank deposits were badly hit as storage of value with the bank-runs seen i n Northern Rock, UK and several other banks in the US. Currencies by nature of being subject to market demand and supply appreciate and depreciate with time and cannot be considered as safe stores of value either as was seen in the example of Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. Secondly, the money multiplier, m, as explained by economists is supposed to be 1/R where R is the reserve requirement for banks. As seen during the financial crisis, this equation was not valid at all. Figure 1 below shows the variation of money multiplier from 1984 to present. We see that as soon as the financial crisis hit, even though there was little or no change in the reserve requirements, the money multiplier saw a huge drop to end up at less than 1.This means that while the government was creating supply of money, banks were reluctant to lend. Figure 1. M1 Money multiplier in the US – 1984 to March 2011 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Given the turnout of events as happened dur ing the financial crisis, there seems to be no readily identifiable group of assets that economists would consider as money. To be accepted as money by all, none of the assets satisfy all the criteria – bill of exchange, bonds, equities, deposits. Gold, silver and precious metal come close but as these are rare, and cannot really meet the demand for money, they cannot really be considered as money. Question 2 The structure of Federal reserve system is shown below in figure 1. Figure 1. Structure of Federal reserve system The components of the federal reserve system and their functions are described below: 1. Board of governors: they are appointed by the US president and confirmed by the US senate. The primary responsibility of the Board members is the formulation of monetary policy. The Board sets reserve requirements and shares the responsibility with the Reserve Banks for discount rate policy. 2. Federal Reserve banks: The 12 Federal Reserve banks operate under supervision of the board of governors. Each bank has 9 directors who appoint the bank presidents who form part of the Federal Open Market Comittee. The main role of the reserve banks is to influence the flow of money and credit in the economy. The Federal Reserve Banks hold, in their vaults, collateral for government agencies to secure public funds that are on deposit with private depository institutions. The Federal Rese